![]() Syntax is the study of how phrases, clauses and sentences are constructed and combined in particular languages. ![]() Morphology interacts in important ways with both phonology (bringing sounds together can cause them to change) and syntax, which needs to pay attention to the form of a word when it combines it with other words. Many languages have a much more complex way of putting words together. For example, the English word 'untied' is really made up of three parts, one refering to the process of reversing an action (un-), one indicating the action of twisting stringlike things together so they stay (tie), and the last indicating that the action happened in the past (-d). Morphology looks at how individual words are formed from smaller chunks of meaningful units called morphemes. They are also interested in syllables, phrases, rhythm, tone, and intonation. Phonologists describe the contrastive consonants and vowels in a language, and how pronunciation is affected by the position of the sound in the word and the sounds that are nearby. They could never make a meaning difference in words that differ by only that sound. But in some languages, and are variations of the same sound. For example in English, and are two different sounds - and the words "road" and "load" differ according to which of these sounds is used. In phonology, it matters whether sounds are contrastive or not, that is, whether substituting one sound for another gives a different, or "contrastive," meaning. Phonology makes use of the phonetics in order to see how sounds or signs are arranged in a system for each language. In sign language, phonetics refers to the the possible shapes, movements and use of physical space. The wave form of each sound can be analysed with the help of computer programs. A study of phonetics involves practicing producing (sometimes exotic) sounds, and figuring out which sound you heard. It includes understanding how sounds are made using the mouth, nose, teeth and tongue, and also understanding how the ear hears those sounds and can tell them apart. Phonetics is the study of the sounds of speech. Linguists are people who study linguistics. There are various branches of linguistics which are given their own name, some of which are described below. Then the meaning itself can be affected by the arrangement of words and by the knowledge of the speaker about what the hearer will understand. Words are arranged in a certain order, and sometimes the beginnings and endings of the words are changed to adjust the meaning. Sounds are brought together and sometimes when this happens, they change their form and do interesting things. Various building blocks of different types and sizes are combined to make up a language. Linguistics is the study of language - how it is put together and how it functions.
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